History Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University

Destruction of religious monuments as a result of turkish-tatar raids on ukrainian lands, in the first quarter of the 17th century

Halyna Yatseniuk — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

For Ukrainian lands, especially the western region, the end of the 16th – the first quarter of the 17th century was a time of tremendous devastation due to constant Turkish-Tatar raids. The destruction of whole villages and towns, houses and churches, massacres, and kidnapping accompanied the attacks by Turks or Tatars.
The attacks of Turks and Tatars were not accidental, and there were several reasons for this. First, it is the desire to seize material values at the expense of the prisoners to increase their army and get free labour. However, there were political motives for such attacks. First, the reason was the complex relationship between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The following factors were decisive in the next political reasons: interference of Polish magnates in the internal affairs of the Danubian principalities (in 1612, 1616, and 1619); the pro-Austrian policy of King Sigismund III of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his entourage; annual attacks of the Zaporozhian Cossack Army on the Turkish coast and fleet. According to the historiographic and source analysis, as soon as the diplomatic relations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire intensified, the number of attacks increased dramatically. Especially many of them took place on the eve of and during the Khotyn War of 1620-1621. It happened because the Ottoman Empire intended to weaken the position of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and intimidate the local population. The greatest intensity of Tatar raids on Red Ruthenia occurred in 1612-1624. Mainly many attacks were carried out on the land of Galicia: 20 times were attacked Kolomyia district; 18 – Halytskyi; 17 – Terebovlianskyi; 14 – Lvivskyi; 12 – Zhydachivskyi; 9 – Stryiskyi; 7 – Drohobytskyi; 6 – Przemyslskyi; 5 – Sambirskyi.
Destroying villages and towns, Tatars often chose religious buildings as the main object of attacks: churches, monasteries, and chapels. The enemy had several reasons for this: the Ukrainian population often used the church as a last refuge, hoping that the enemy would not burn down the shrine; the destruction and looting of the church brought material gains to the Tatars because in the churches there were always many valuable things that could be sold or melted down; the destruction of churches also had a psychological effect, people believed that the saints would be able to protect them, so often the main population of the village was concentrated in the church, during the raid of Tatars. As a result, they became easy prey for the enemy.

A trap for hetmanych: the suceavian campaign of T. Khmelnytskyi (1653)

Mykhailo Chuchko — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the problems of difficult relations between the Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu and the Zaporozhzhia Army after the start of the War of Liberation in Ukraine under the leadership of Hetman B. Khmelnytskyi against Polish domination.
The conclusion of a forced alliance, sealed in 1652 by the marriage of Vasile Lupu’s daughter Ruksandra and B. Khmelnytskyi’s son Tymofii, later led to a political crisis within the principality and confrontation with the rulers of neighboring Wallachia and Transylvania in the international arena. Due to the rebellion of the discontented boyars, led by the great logothete Gheorghe Ștefan, who were supported by the prince of Wallachia Matei Basarab and the prince of Transylvania George II Rákóczi, in the spring of 1653 Vasile Lupu briefly lost power, but soon returned the throne with the help of the Cossacks of hetmanych T. Khmelnytskyi. However, the attempt of the prince of Moldavia to use the armed forces of his son-in-law for a joint campaign to seize the possessions of his rival Matei Basarab ended with the defeat of the Moldavian-Cossack army at Finta in Wallachia and the coming to power in Moldavia of Gheorghe Ștefan, who occupied Iasi and blocked the Suceava fortress, where Vasile Lupu’s wife closed herself. T. Khmelnytskyi again arrived at the head of the Cossack army to help the besieged in Moldova. His appearance near Suceava in August 1653 led to the ruin of this territory. Having made his way to the besieged and having organized a fortified camp with the Cossacks on the floor side of the fortress, the hetmanych found himself in a trap, being finally blocked upon the arrival in Suceava of the fresh forces of voivode Gheorghe Ștefan with contingents of Transylvanians, Wallachians and Poles. The Cossacks, besieged under the castle, were actively defending in the hope of helping the main forces of Hetman B. Khmelnytskyi, and also waiting for the Tatars recruited by Vasile Lupu. However, help did not arrive in time, and hunger, attacks, shelling and the death of T. Khmelnytskyi from a wound forced the Cossack garrison in early October to capitulate with honour to the allied forces, on the terms of free departure to Ukraine with the body of hetmanych.
In general, the defence of Suceava in 1653 became the final episode of the Moldavian campaigns of Bohdan and Tymofii Khmelnytskyi (1650, 1653). After the death of his son and the surrender of Suceava, B. Khmelnytskyi lost interest in affairs in the Danube principalities and orientation towards Portа, placing further hopes in the fight against the Commonwealth on Moscow. The Hetman’s matchmaker, the former prince Vasile Lupu, having lost all hope of regaining the throne of Moldavia, ended up in a foreign land, being imprisoned in Istanbul, and the principality of Moldavia, which he involved in an alliance with the Cossacks, remained in the future a territory of military activity of neighbours, experiencing ruin.

The role of «Prosvita» society in the formation of national consciousness of ukrainians of Galicia, Bukovyna and Transcarpathia

Mykhailo Yurii — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The contribution of «Prosvita» society to the national self-awareness of the Ukrainians of Galicia, Bukovyna and Transcarpathia during the Austrian period attracted the attention of researchers and is still of scientific and public interest. The historical significance of «Prosvita» in the Ukrainian national revival (modern nation-building) of the 19th and early 20th centuries difficult to overestimate. Therefore, the article draws attention to the problem of the formation of national self-awareness as a necessary condition for the formation of a nation. It is noted that at the epicentre of national self-consciousness is a national symbol – a universal phenomenon that, in a sensibly perceived and realized form, expresses, preserves and broadcasts ideas about spiritual and material values that are fundamental to it development and functioning. The multifaceted activity of «Prosvita» in the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries made it possible to overcome the Russophiles, Moscophiles worldview among a significant part of the Galician-Ukrainian society. The First World War played a special role in this, when during the Russian occupation of Galicia the political concept of Moscophiles was completely discredited. At the same time, the ideas of «Prosvita» confirmed their own viability, or relied on the broad masses of the people, the national self-assertion of Ukrainians as a separate nation.
Based on the research problem, it is worth pointing out such a concept as the frontier. This is a scientific interdisciplinary discourse, on the basis of which the following processes are highlighted: spatial (taking into account regional and local differences), temporal (which makes it possible to trace the evolution of images of the region over time), political and cultural (the use of ethno-national stereotypes and myths). The subconscious level of perception of the border is especially important, since emotional stereotypes are formed on different sides of the border, which influence the appearance of aggressors and victims

No, not ours Hryhorii!

Oleksandr Dobrzhanskyi — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the figure of Hryhorii Kupchanko, the Bukovynian ethnographer, journalist, publisher, and public figure. The author dwelled on some aspects of his biography, publishing, and journalistic activities, scientific research in ethnography, local history, and history that were unknown to the public. It is noted that H. Kupchanko quite often submitted false information about himself, which caused a lot of errors in the work of his researchers in the memoirs and autobiography. The source base of research was rather narrow.
Major attention is paid to understanding the changes in the social and political views of H. Kupchanko, his evolution from old Russophilia to radical Moscophilia, as well as propaganda activities. The article confirms that since the late 1880s H. Kupchanko moved to the positions of the most consistent supporters of the Russian idea, in his numerous newspaper articles, brochures, he sought to impose Russian identity on the Rusyns of Bukovyna, Galicia and Transcarpathia, to convince them that they were the part of the «single Russian people», and that their language was a Great Russian dialect. This is evidenced by his numerous publications in the newspapers Russka Pravda, Prosvieshchieniye, various brochures, which were published in mass circulation and distributed free of charge to peasants of the Western Ukraine lands.
The desire to justify H. Kupchanko by the fact that he made a certain contribution to the study of the customs, rituals, folklore of the Rusyns of Bukovyna and seems to be only a Russophile and not a radical Moscophile, does not hold waterand is refuted by numerous facts on his public and propaganda activities.

Bukovyna in the life of metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi

Hanna Skoreiko — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi earned the love and respect of Ukrainians during his lifetime with his selfless work. He did not only pay great attention to the development of the Greek Catholic Church, but also made every effort to raise the level of education, social importance, and ultimately restore and elevate the national dignity of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, it was equally important for him to carry out his pastoral ministry both in Galicia, where a large part of faithful Greek Catholics lived, and in the outskirts. Bukovyna occupied a special place in Andrei Sheptytskyi’s activities. Here, the Greek Catholic denomination was insignificant and accounted for only 3% of the total population of Bukovyna. But the metropolitan saw the need to support all local Ukrainians in a difficult period of formation of national aspirations. Cultural spaces were gradually filled with real life. But already from the beginning of the 20th century the Ukrainian people entered a difficult period of transformational processes and also needed strong economic and church support. In Bukovyna, where the majority of Ukrainians belonged to the Orthodox faith, the church became a field of confrontation with local Romanian politicians who sought to create a Romanian majority here for their own further political projects. Thus, the bishop saw the need for significant efforts to support the entire Ukrainian population of Bukovyna. At the same time, he believed that such activities should be carried out in full agreement with the authorities, representatives of other faiths and nationalities living in the region.
A careful study of all historical aspects, a living acquaintance with the real capabilities of the people of Bukovyna, the search for the most effective ways of developing the Ukrainian cause – all this became part of his four visits to Bukovyna at the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century. All of them were filled not only with the performance of pastoral duties, but also with communication with believers, politicians, and scientists of various faiths. This was one of the most important contributions of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi to the development of the Ukrainian cause in the region. Because with each of his visits, he raised the prestige of the entire Greek Catholic Church on the one hand and the Ukrainian people on the other.

Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the ukrainian intellectual discourse of Galicia in the second half of the 19th century

Nazarii Khrystan — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the image of Prince and King Danylo Romanovych in the Ukrainian cultural memory of the second half of the 19th century. The choice of the suggested segment of memory studies in Ukrainian history was chosen due to the ideological and, to some extent, the political context of the creation and subsequent construction of the image of Danylo Romanovych as «Prince Danylo Halytskyi» was not investigated in historiographical tradition.
An important role is devoted to understanding the basic terms of memory discourse, which became the core of the implementation of the ideas of the author in the article. Also, some of the features of the creation of historical myths surrounding the biography of the ruler Danylo Romanovych should be discovered around the ruler’s biography in the process of forming a national identity. Due to the large number of anti-scientific names, the Medieval Ruler is deprived of a real source background. This led to the formation of a limited perspective of historical research, which reduces the cultural influence of his figure to a single Western Ukrainian region and does not allow to reconstruct fully the period of transformation of the Galicia-Volyn state into the Kingdom of Rus.
The article also deals with the designing of the image of Danylo Romanovych in the historical representations of the Galician Russophiles, who managed to create a stable image of «Danylo Halytskyi» in the consciousness of the Ukrainian society. The author highlighted the peculiarities of the intellectual history of the representatives of the Ukrainian national movement in Galicia, especially Oleksandr Barvinskyi. The scientist tried to borrow the Russophile image of «Danylo Halytskyi» for his historical narrative of the Ukrainian past, by using the figure of the medieval Ruler as an element of the historical unity of the past of Galicia and Naddnipryanshchyna.

Medical and sanitary service of northern part of Bukovyna after the First World War (1918-1928)

Oksana Huchko, Frozina Kuzyk — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the main trends in the restoration and development of the medical and sanitary service in the territory of Northern Bukovyna in 1918-1928, during which martial law continued here, after which the territory became part of the Kingdom of Romania.
In the first post-war period the population of the region found itself almost entirely without healthcare. Collapsed health system could not fight the spread of epidemic diseases through the region that also led to a complicated demographic situation in the post-war Bukovyna. The enduring spread of diseases among the population and, to a certain extent, the wish of Romanian authorities to use medicine for propaganda purposes forced the start of a comprehensive work to improve health and sanitary conditions in the region.
The primary task that had to be urgently solved by the health service in the early post-war years has become the overcoming of the epidemics of infectious diseases that at the end of World War I led to great mortality among the population. Quite common among the residents of the region were dysentery, typhoid, typhus, relapsing fever, tuberculosis, and a number of pediatric respiratory infections – scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, contagious parotitis, varicella and others. Some years there was an urgent need for the establishment of health centres, dispensaries.
According to the law of 1923, the Health Service was divided into two parts: sanitary and hospital. The Sanitary Service was engaged in supervision, control and study of the health status of the settlements, the use of general and special preventive measures and prevention of epidemics, to provide medical care outside hospitals, educate the population about prevention and treatment of social diseases etc. The Hospital Service was responsible for hospital treatment and medical supervision of patients in hospitals.
Bukovyna along with Khotyn district and the northern part of Moldova was included in the VIII sanitary region under the guidance of General Sanitary Inspectorate. For the operation of health service, Bukovyna was divided into five health areas, each headed by a Chief Physician. Areas were divided into sanitary districts. At the head of each one was the district doctor who had assistants, district midwives, and health agents. The duty of medical personnel was to countercheck social diseases. In this regard, 9 infirmaries and 27 dispensaries were founded in Bukovyna within 10 years (1918-1928).
To avoid the spread of infectious diseases from abroad – an official centre «Grigore Ghica Vodӑ» was created to examine travellers at the border at the railway station in Nepolokivtsi.
Also, in the first post-war decade for health services of the land the Sanitary Inspectorate has founded in Chernivtsi: Regional warehouse of medical instruments and devices; Regional warehouse of drugs, serums, vaccines and bandages, and the Institute of Hygiene.
Compulsory preventive vaccination against smallpox and other infectious diseases was introduced. Doctors held free consultations in towns and villages both at home and in hospitals. At the same time, in the first post-war decade a decrease of doctors and paramedical staff is observed.
Taking into consideration the shortage of a sufficient number of hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, lack of medicines, vaccines, therapeutic sera in Bukovyna, it should be ascertained that the state of epidemic diseases in the region in the early post-war years remained extremely hard. Only in the mid-20s such diseases as smallpox, typhus, and dysentery had been largely overcome thanks to vaccination, organizational and educational measures taken by the authorities. However, there remained high death rate from heart diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, due to difficult living conditions and inaccessibility of health care to the most.

Kremenets «Prosvita» of the interwar period: public history

Iryna Skakalska — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In the research the author reveals the methods of public history that must be used to popularize the history of Kremenets «Prosvita» of the interwar period of the 20th century. Public history provides opportunities to learn about our past for a wide range of citizens.
Among the latest scientific works, in which the activities of «Prosvita» are covered with varying degrees of completeness, it is necessary to name the researches of I. Zuliak, Yu. Kramar, L. Strilchuk, M. Kucherepa, and others.
The purpose of the publication is to consider the activities of Kremenets «Prosvita» with Public History, which allows not only to gain a deeper understanding of historical processes, but also to promote the achievements of the society in the present.
Kremenets «Prosvita» was founded in 1918, but was officially registered in 1920, ceased its activity in 1932, after being closed by Polish authorities. Quite quickly, the company created an extensive network of branches in Kremenets district. There were reading houses in every village, they had their own small libraries and subscribed to periodicals. Today, more than ever during the Russian-Ukrainian war; the work of enlightened people is needed, especially among internally displaced persons (for learning the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian history, popularizing Ukrainian literature, etc.). The experience of enlightened people of the interwar period of the 20th century should be useful for contemporaries. It is clear that not everyone will be able to read and study academic history, but Public History will come in handy. Historical knowledge does not always have to adhere to the academic form of presentation, just so that there are no falsifications. Public History will help to get a modern idea of how enlightened people worked in Kremenets in the interwar period.
On the basis of the analysis of the numeral facts of the activities of enlightened people, it can be stated that «Prosvita» society had a significant impact on the development of national culture, education, and literature in Volyn. Among the famous educators of Kremenets district, it is necessary to promote the activities of B. Kozubskyi, S. Zhuk, M. Cherkavskyi, A. Zhyvotko, and others.
Thus, highlighting the organization of the work of Kremenets «Prosvita» in the public space with the involvement of professional historians and representatives from outside the academic history is an important step for the popularization of the association.

Bukovyna in the structure of goods export of interwar Romania

Oleksandr Rusnak — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America.
Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

Historiography of relations between the soviet government and the local population in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in 1940-1947

Yana Bestanchuk — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the topic of relations between Soviet authorities and local population, the instruction of Sovietization processes in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region during 1940-1947.
The study of relationship between Soviet authorities and local population is quite unexplored and requires further scientific study. There was no comprehensive study. In the scientific literature, this issue is highlighted in the form of a diverse thematic spectrum and concerns current political, economic, household and educational and cultural issues. During the last decades, depending on socio-political conditions and the available base of historical sources, the approach to the coverage of the mentioned issues has changed.
The conclusion emphasizes that modern Ukrainian historiography, relying on a much wider source base, examines in more depth certain aspects the life of population in the territory of Chernivtsi region.
Soviet historiography in Ukraine was strongly influenced by communist ideology and censorship, which had a significant impact on the study of the history of Bukovyna. The problems and achievements of Soviet industrial construction, the collectivization of agriculture, and the development of industry and transport infrastructure were studied. Special attention was paid to Soviet land reform policies and national policy regarding Bukovyna national minorities.
Researchers are forced to work within the approved historical concept and maintain a positive image of Soviet government. This approach significantly limited the possibility of conducting objective research and analysis of the history of Bukovyna in the specified period.
Foreign historiography of the history of Bukovyna was aimed at a detailed study of the events and processes of that time, in particular in the context of national issues using available sources and archival materials.
Ukrainian historiography of the history of Bukovyna sought to understand and analyze the complex events of that time, focusing on the political, socio-economic and cultural aspects of life in Bukovyna, as well as on the role of Ukrainian population in the struggle for freedom and national independence.
Thus, during the half-century period of studying the problems of the entry of Northern Bukovyna territory into the USSR, the interaction of local population and the Soviet authorities, the literature is not sufficiently systematized and does not cover the problems as a whole, a lot of works have a limited source base, because access to information on this topic was provided only at the end of the 20th century.

Historical education in schools of Volyn region (the second part of 40s – the beginning of 50s of the 20th century)

Liliia Sosnytska — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Today, school education in Ukraine is under major transformations designed to bring it to a qualitatively new level in order to ensure the sustainable development of Ukrainian society. Soviet state, Ukraine was a part of which for a long time, put school education under its full control, making it a kind of «factory» for the production of a «Soviet person». Among all the subjects taught in Soviet schools, the study of history, especially the history of the Motherland, was of the utmost importance for the formation of a communist worldview and loyalty to the state, its leader and party.
The research is devoted to the interesting and understudied problem of studying history in schools of Volyn region in 1944 – 1953. The aim of the study is to characterize the issue of studying history in schools of Volyn region in the post-war period.
The article emphasizes the peculiarities of the period under study for Volyn region, which are related to both: the reconstruction processes after the Second World War and the second wave of «Sovietisation» process. The full state control over all spheres of social and political life in the region also affected the situation of education.
The author points out the difficulties that arose in teaching history during the period under study. First of all, it is the lack of curricula, textbooks, visual aids (historical maps, tables, and diagrams), the lack of the necessary number of qualified teachers, etc.
History remained one of the most important subjects in Ukrainian schools during the first post-war decade. The example of Volyn region shows the difficulties that the authorities had to overcome in order to establish the educational process and the teaching of history in particular. The value of the subject was determined by the heavy ideological load. It were teachers of history who were supposed to demonstrate to students the advantages of a socialist state over capitalist states, spread the works of Marxism-Leninism, and form a communist worldview among young people. Teachers in the totalitarian Soviet state were forced to follow the party narrative, while being unable to convey the historical truth to students.

Zealots of christian piety in medieval Scandinavia: the case of Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir

Ivan Vorotniak — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This article studies the characteristics of one of the main female characters presented in the Vinland sagas – Gudrid Torbjarnardóttir, who was the personification of an ideal pious Christian.
Such an image was characteristic of the so-called exemplum – a variety of artistic narration, which is characterized by moralistic narratives, real or illusory, that were used as typical models to visualize events and facts.
Contemporary scientists consider the image of Gudrid Torbjarnardóttir as the keeper of the pagan tradition and the intermediary between the old and new worlds (Paganism and Christianity).
Gudrid’s sharing of a pagan ritual is interpreted as the result of the saga scribe’s interest in the past, who wishes to depict a magnificent image of the past. Consequently, Greenland is depicted in the texts of the sagas as a kind of «wild land», where Christianity slowly spread among the settlers.
The profound attention of the saga compilers to the image of Gudrid is explained by the fact that in the last part of both sagas she is recognized as the progenitor of three Icelandic bishops of the 12th century. It is apparent that these sagas were written in order to compile glorious nobility for the future Icelandic saint – the bishop of Iceland, Björn Gilsson. According to scientists, the author (transcriber) of the Saga of the Greenlanders was close to Bishop Brand Semundsson (1163–1201), one of the great-grandsons of Gudrid Torbjarnardóttir, or the hierarch himself wrote down the text of the story.
Hence, the history and deeds of the foremother of the first Icelandic bishops were used to preach to the congregation what virtuous Christian women should be.

The jewish question in the concept of socialist zionism by Moses Hess

Oleksandr Bezarov — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The famous German revolutionary activist and publicist of Jewish origin Moses (Moritz) Hess (1812–1875) left a noticeable mark in the history of the formation of the ideology of Zionism, being one of the first to formulate the socialist principles of the future Jewish state.
The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the concept of socialist Zionism, which M. Hess substantiated in the 1860s, was several decades ahead of the development of the ideology of Zionism itself, and also at the beginning of the 20th century determined the emergence of the ideas of Jewish socialism, which were reflected in the activities of the relevant revolutionary parties, especially in the Russian Empire (Poalei Zion, Zionist Socialist Workers Party, Socialist Jewish Workers Party, Tseirei Zion and others). Considering the importance of the conceptual ideas of M. Hess in the further development of the ideology of Jewish nationalism and socialism, it is worth analyzing the evolution of the ideas of M. Hess and determining his views on the solution of the Jewish question in the Western European countries of that time.
The conclusions state that the emancipation policy applied by Western European states to the Jewish population in the first half of the 19th century, according to Hess, could not solve the Jewish question. Emancipation only created tension in the relations between Jews and non-Jews, because the latter chose the national principle of development. The non-Jewish society of Western Europe generally excluded Jews from its ideology of national culture. Hess rightly noted the contradictions of the policy of emancipation, which was based on the civilization ideas of the Great French Revolution, but was carried out under the condition of the national elevation of the European peoples. However, in the agrarian societies of Eastern Europe, the above-mentioned phenomena did not acquire the character of an open confrontation between Jews and non-Jews due to the weakly developed national factor and the noticeable influence of traditions. It was the last circumstance that inspired Hess in his concept of socialist Zionism. The religious idea of the collective immortality of the Jewish people should soon be embodied in «earthly Jerusalem», that is, in Jewish statehood on the territory of Palestine. However, the future Jewish republic, according to Hess’s ideas, will certainly be socialist, because the traditional society of Jews, especially in Eastern Europe, was socialist, that is, collectivist. The historical significance of Hess’s ideas was that he was one of the first Western European thinkers to warn of the dangers of the policy of emancipation of the Jewish people, which hid the threat of assimilation on the one hand, and racial anti-Semitism on the other hand. In the second half of the 19th century anti-Semitism in the countries of Western Europe became a noticeable factor not only in the development of national movements, but also influenced the ideological and political debate within socialist groups and parties, whose leaders were forced to take into account the national characteristics of the revolutionary struggle for the ideals of social justice. If we evaluate the concept of Hess through the prism of the revolutionary processes in the development of the Jewish people of Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, we can state that his ideas turned out to be a true prophecy, and the creation of the Jewish state in the middle of the same century was a natural result of the complex process of the national revival of the Jewish people.

The evolution of Israel-Soviet relations in the late 1940s – early 1950s: politics and ideology

Denys Paramonov — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The presented scientific article is devoted to the interesting and multifaceted topic of international relations, which, at the current historical stage, does not have unambiguous assessments in both domestic and foreign historiography. The article examines the process of evolution of interstate relations between the USSR and the State of Israel, which appeared on the political map of the world after the Second World War. Chronologically, the article covers the time period from the end of the Palestine War of 1948-1949 to the official termination of diplomatic relations between the studied countries in 1953.
The Soviet Union tried to use the change in the geopolitical situation in the Middle East as an opportunity to expand its own political influence in the region, which was especially relevant in the conditions of increasing confrontation in the «Cold War». The article focuses on tracking and analyzing the main domestic and foreign policy factors of Israel and the USSR, which led to the crisis of bilateral relations. Ideological contradictions and anti-Semitic policy in the USSR played an important role in this process.
It was established that the Israel-Soviet relations of the studied period were a complex mixture of ideological orientations, pragmatic economic and political interests, and geopolitical priorities of both countries. Historical experience has shown sharp ideological contradictions between Zionism and communism. Israel’s claims for emigration of the Jewish population from the USSR and, finally, the pro-American orientation of the Israeli leadership, has become incompatible with the normal development of bilateral relations. Beginning with mutual interest and support, Soviet-Israel relations in the late 1940s and early 1950s suffered a political fiasco.

Researcher of the civilization of the ancient slavs

Serhii Pyvovarov, Vitalii Kalinichenko — Fri, 30 Jun 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of Liubomyr Pavlovych Mykhailyna – a world-renowned researcher, Ukrainian archaeologist, doctor of historical sciences, leading researcher of the National Preserve «Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra», local-lore historian, historian, a connoisseur of monuments, as well as a tireless searcher of Slavic antiquities. The scientist is known to the general public for numerous archaeological discoveries, studies of the Khotyn fortress, restoration works and Ukrainian studies at the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.
The scientific work of Liubomyr Pavlovych Mykhailyna was analyzed. Attention was focused on innovative research on issues of Slavic archaeology summarized in individual and collective monographs «Population of the Upper Popruttia of the 8th-10th Centuries» (1997), «Bukovyna. Historical Essay» (1998), «Slavs of the 8th-10th Centuries between the Dnieper and the Carpathians» (2007), «Essays on the History of the Khotyn fortress. Facts, Legends, Hypotheses» (2011), «The Archaeologist Who Became a Legend» (2019).
During the years of work, Liubomyr Mykhailyna trained thousands of first-class history teachers, for many of whom archaeology and local-lore history became not only a passion for the whole life, but also determined their future scientific destiny. He established cooperation with local history teachers, which made it possible to protect effectively archaeological antiquities on the territory of Bukovyna from damage and destruction. A number of young scientists received a ticket to great science from the light hand of the scientist; in particular, researchers of archaeological antiquities Bohdan Ridush, Yuliia Mysko and Maryna Yagodynska successfully defended their PhD theses under his guidance.
Currently, Liubomyr Mykhailyna has several individual and collective monographs, more than two hundred scientific articles, reports, and reviews. We wish Liubomyr Pavlovych Mykhailyna good health, many years and new scientific achievements and the realization of all plans.