Policy of the Administration of the General Government of Galicia and Bukovyna Towards the Greek Catholic Clergy (1914–1915)
Main Article Content
Abstract
The scientific article is devoted to the study of the measures of the Russian occupation regime in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovyna regarding the clergy of the Greek Catholic Church during the first period of the World War I (1914–1915). The territorial boundaries of the article cover the territory of the General Government of Galicia and Bukovyna. The main purpose of the scientific work was to analyze the structural elements of the Russian policy of the religious tolerance towards the Halych Metropolis of the UGCC. The research was carried out on the basis of the documents from the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, the State Archives of Lviv Region and the State Archives of Ternopil Region.
As a result of the military campaign of 1914, the Russian Empire formed the General Government in the occupied territory of Austria-Hungary with its center in Lviv. The majority of the population in the administrative unite was Ukrainians, the Greek Catholics by religion. To get the favor of the locals, the imperial government declared the religious tolerance. At the same time, the provincial administration implemented a system of measures to weaken the influence of the UGCC. The Greek Catholic clergy were under the control of the Second Department of the Governor-General`s Chancery. This government structure exercised control over the implementation of religious policy in the occupied territory. The clergy with a clear Ukrainian identity have been subjected to all kinds of sanctions, as the prohibition to perform religious duties, the house arrest, the imprisonment, the resettlement, etc. At the same time, the Russian administration and clergy contributed to the growth of the number of Russian Orthodox clergy in the occupied territory.
Such system of measures didn`t ensure the loyalty of the Greek Catholic clergy and the local residents of the region. According to the author, this is one of the main reasons why the Russian Empire was unable to support the front against the Austria-Hungary. The consequences of the occupation regime`s policy were the personal and material losses of the Greek Catholic Church but at the same time it led to a strong decline in pro-Russian sentiments among the Ukrainian society and clergy.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Berest I., Berest R., Diialnist Andreia Sheptytskoho v roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny [Andrey Sheptytsky activity during the First World War], in «Naukovi zapysy Ternopilskoho natsionalnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni Volodymyra Hnatiuka. Seriia: Istoriia», 2015, vyp. 2, chast. 3, s. 93–98.
Brusilov A., Moi vospominaniya [My Memories], Moskva, Voenizdat, 1983, 256 s.
DALO (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Lvivskoi oblasti), f. 907 Kantseliariia Lvivskoho hubernatora, op. 1, spr. 21 O visilke iz Galitsii i doznaniya o vrednoi deyatelnosti svyashchennikov, ksendzov i drugikh lits, ulichennikh v ukrainofilskoi propagande, shpionazhe i drugie, 156 ark.
DALO, f. 907 Kantseliariia Lvivskoho hubernatora, op. 1, spr. 22 O visilke iz Galitsii i doznaniya o vrednoi deyatelnosti svyashchennikov, ksendzev i drugikh lits, ulichennikh v Ukrainofilskoi propagande, shpionazhe i drugie, 179 ark.
DALO, f. 907 Kantseliariia Lvivskoho hubernatora, op. 1, spr. 23 O visilke iz Galitsii i doznaniya o vrednoi deyatelnosti svyashchennikov, ksendzov i drugikh lits podozrevavshikhsya v shpionazhe v agitatsii protiv pravitelstva, 174 ark.
DALO, f. 907 Kantseliariia Lvivskoho hubernatora, op. 1, spr. 99 O visilke iz Galitsiii i doznaniya o vrednoi deyatelnosti svyashchennikov, ksendzov i drugikh lits, podozrevaemikh v shpionazhe, v ukrainofilskoi propagande, 155 ark.
DATO (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Ternopilskoi oblasti), f. 306 Upravlinnia nachalnyka Skalatskoho povitu, m. Skalat Ternopilskoii hubernii (1914–1917 rr.), op. 3, spr. 2 Tymchasovi pravyla na vyizd v Halytsiiu osib z hubernii Rosiiskoi imperii, vyizd z Halytsii i peremishchennia vseredyni Halytsii i tsyrkuliary Ternopilskoho hubernatora, 152 ark.
Hresko A. Hromadska ta relihiina diialnist hreko-katolytskoho dukhovenstva v Chernivetskii hubernii (1914–1917 rr.) [Religious and social activities of the Greek-Catholic clergy in the Chernivtsi Governorate (1914– 1917)], in «Naukovyi i kulturno-prosvitnii kraieznavchyi chasopys Halychyna», 2023, № 36, s. 211–222.
Mazur O., Baran I. Ukrainska hreko-katolytska tserkva na pochatku Pershoi svitovoi viiny (1914–1915 rr.) [Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church at the beginning of the World War I (1914–1915)], in «Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Lvivska politekhnika»», 2010, № 670, s. 57–64.
Pavlyshyn O. Parafiialne zhyttia Halytskoi mytropolii Hreko-katolytskoi tserkvy u roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny: povsiakdennia ta kryzovi yavyshcha. Z istorii zakhidnoukrainskykh zemel [Parish life of the Halychyna Metropolitanate of the Greek Catholic Church during the First World War: Everyday life and crisis phenomena], in «Z istorii zakhidnoukrainskykh zemel», 2020, vyp. 16, s. 130–157.
Pozniak S. Osoblyvosti misionerskoi diialnosti Rosiiskoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvy v Halychyni v Roky Pershoi svitovoi viiny [The special features of missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Halychyna during the World War I], in «Problemy Slovianoznavstva», 2003, vyp. 53, s. 68–75.
Put moei zhizni. Vospominaniya Mitropolita Yevlogiya (Georgievskogo), izlozhennie po yego rasskazakh T. Manukhinoi [The way of my life. The Memoirs of the Metropolitan Eulogius (Georgiyevsky), stated according to his stories of T. Manukhina], 380 s.
RGVIA (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennii voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv), f. 2003 Shtab Voennogo glavnokomanduyushchego (Stavka), g. Mogilev, op. 2, d. 539 Otcheti Kantselyarii voennogo generalgubernatora Galitsiii po upravleniyu kraem s 1 sentyabrya 1914 g. po 1 iyulya 1915 g. i perepiska s generalkvartirmeisterom Stavki, shtabom Yugo-Zapadnogo fronta i voennim general-gubernatorom Galitsii po etim otchetam, 279 l.
Starodub A. Rosiiska pravoslavna tserkva u Halychyni v period Pershoi svitovoi viiny (1914–1918 roky.) [Russian Orthodox Church in Galicia during the World War I (1914–1918)], in «Naukovi zapysky. Zbirnyk prats molodykh vchenykh ta aspirantiv», 2010, s. 194–222.
TsDIAL Ukrainy (Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrainy, m. Lviv), f. 358, Sheptytskyi Andrei (Roman-Mariia-Aleksandr), hraf, mytropolyt Halytskyi hreko-katolytskoi Tserkvy, arkhyiepyskop Lvivskyi, yepyskop Kam’ianets-Podilskyi, kulturnyi i tserkovnyi diiach, metsenat, diisnyi chlen NTSh, op. 1, spr. 34, Afishi, broshury, prysviacheni Sheptytskomu A., 247 ark.
TsDIAL Ukrainy, f. 694 Kolektsiia dokumentiv do istorii perebuvannia rosiiskykh viisk na terytorii Halychyny v period Pershoi svitovoi viiny, op. 1, spr. 22 Spysky povitiv ta yikh nachalnykiv Lvivskoi, Ternopilskoi ta Chernivetskoi hubernii, 11 ark.
Watson A., The Greek Catholic Church and the Problem of Ruthenian Desertion in Przemy´sl, January 1915: Documents from the Kriegsarchiv, Vienna, in «Rocznik Przemyski», 2018, № 54, p. 287–301.
Zaiarniuk. A., Rasevych V. Halytske hreko-katolytske dukhovenstvo u Pershii svitovii viini: politychni, kulturni ta sotsialni aspekty [The Greek Catholic Clergy of Galicia during World War I: Political, Cultural and Social Aspects], 2012, s. 160–192.