Theological Educational Institutions of Dnieper Ukraine as Centers of the Protest Movement (Second Half of the 19th Century)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31861/hj2025.61.42-47Keywords:
Orthodox clergy, national revival, Ukrainization, Orthodoxy, protest movementAbstract
The article analyzes protest and revolutionary movements, the activities of underground circles and communities in the theological seminaries of the Ukrainian dioceses of the Orthodox Russian Church of the St. Petersburg Synod and the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th century.
During the period under study, the clergy in the Ukrainian dioceses of the PRC was divided into Orthodox and liberal. The first group supported the positions of the higher spiritual authorities and autocracy, opposed the reform of the church and theological education, and implemented a policy of Russification. Representatives of the second group defended the ideas of the Ukrainization of theological education and the church, supported the development of Ukrainian traditions and culture, the liberalization of theological education, and were supporters of church reform. It was this group of clergy, including the youth of the theological schools that became an integral part of the Ukrainian national liberation movement and laid the foundations for the further struggle for the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Church.
A feature of protest and revolutionary movements in theological educational institutions of Ukrainian dioceses was their relationship with the community environment and leaders of the Ukrainian movement: V. Antonovych, M. Hrushevskyi, I. Nechuy-Levytskyi, O. Konyskyi, V. Symyrenko etc. Among the main forms of protest activity of the students of theological educational institutions were the organization of protest actions and riots, the activities of underground circles and communities, the publication of illegal magazines, and the work of underground libraries.
The main topics of the speeches and protests were the students’ dissatisfaction with the living conditions, the barracks lifestyle, the demands for changes in the statutes of theological education institutions, the cancellation of the ban on seminarians entering higher secular educational institutions. In addition, the seminarians made demands for democratic transformations, the Ukrainization of theological education and the church.
The result of these processes was the upbringing of a common patriotic group of students of the seminaries and the Kyiv Theological Academy, who became figures of the Ukrainian liberation movement and national revival, in particular S. Petliura, V. Lypkivskyi, P. Zhytetskyi, L. Ilnytskyi, M. Leontovych, O. Lototskyi, Yu. Sitsinskyi and others.
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