Cossack campaigns of the late 70s of the 16th century to Moldavia: Interpretations and realities
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article analyzes military and political events that took place in the Moldavian State in the reign of Peter V the Lame (1574-1591, intermittently), interpretations and realities of the Cossack campaigns in Moldavia in 1577-1578.
The end of the 16th century proved to be quite difficult and tense for the Moldavian lands. During the reign of the hospodar Peter V the Lame the territory of Moldavia became the scene of confrontation between the Ottoman Empire, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks, which led to fierce Cossack-Moldavian-Ottoman armed clashes.
For Poland, the Moldavian lands were a kind of buffer zone against the Turks, and for the Ottoman Empire, they brought significant profits through the payment of various tributes and a lot of money for the selling of the hospodar throne. The Ukrainian Cossacks understood that if they drove the Ottomans out of Moldavia, it would ease Ukraine’s plight and change the military-political situation in the Carpathian-Dniester region.
In spring 1577, Ivan Pidkova appeared as candidate for Moldavian throne. He was a Cossack, introducing himself as a brother of the hospodar John III the Terrible. At the end of November 1577 he conquered Jassy and started ruling as John IV. But it did not last long. On December 31, 1577 he leaved from Moldavia. I. Pidkova was arrested and executed on 16 June 1578 in Lviv.
Taking advantages of his popularity, several Zaporozhian leaders pretended to be Ivan Pidkova’s brothers and invaded Moldavia. Oleksandr and Petro the Cossacks, for a short time even captured the voivodship throne. Since 1577 by 1578 the Cossacks carried out 8 campaigns, the main purpose of which there was the expulsion of Turks and Tatars from the territory of Moldavia, the conquest of Moldavian throne and creating a Cossack-Moldavian state. At the same time, successful military actions of the Ukrainian Cossacks gained considerable publicity in Central and Eastern Europe.
Thus, the Cossack campaigns in Moldavia in 1577-1578 negatively affected the military and political situation in the country, led to frequent changes of hospodars and posed a real threat to Polish-Turkish peaceful relations.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
M. Bielski, Kronika polska [The Polish Chronicle], ed. K. J. Turowski, Sanok, 1856, T. 3. s. 1223-1712.
B. Bodnariuk, A. Fedoruk A., Uchast kozakiv u antyosmanskykh viinakh dunaiskykh kniazivstv (ostannia tretyna XVI – pochatok XVII st.) [Participation of the Cossacks in the anti-Ottoman wars of the Danube principalities (last third of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century)], in «Khotynska viina. Materialy Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi 380-richchiu Khotynskoi viiny, m. Khotyn, 22 zhovtnia 2001 r.», Chernivtsi, Prut, 2002, s. 81-92.
B. Bodnaryuk, Ya. Yanovskiy, Ivan Podkova ili Nikoare Kretsul (k probleme samozvanchestva v Moldavii v 70-h gg. XVI v.) [Ivan Pidkova or Nikoare Kretsul (to the problem of imposture in Moldova in the 70s of the 16th century)], in: «Smutnoe vremya v Rossii: Konflikt i dialog kultur. Materialy nauchnoy konferentsii, Sankt-Peterburg, 12-14 oktyabrya 2012 g.», Sankt-Peterburg, 2012, s. 23-28.
I. Corfus, Documente privitoare la istoria României culese din arhivele polone. Secolul al. XVI-lea [Documents regarding the history of Romania collected from the Polish archives. The century. XVI], București, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1979, 437 p.
N. Dragan, Zaporozhtsy i moldavane: boevoe sodruzhestvo XVI-XVII vv. [Cossacks and Moldavians: military commonwealth of the 16th-17th centuries.], in: «Rusin», 2008, № 1-2 (11-12), s. 227-232.
D. Dragnev, Ocherki vneshnepoliticheskoy istorii Moldavskogo knyazhestva (poslednyaya chetvert XIV – nachalo XIX v.) [Essays on the foreign policy history of the Principality of Moldavia (last quarter of the 14th – beginning of the 19th century)], Kishinev, Shtiintsa, 1987, 464 s.
A. Fedoruk, Ukrainske kozatstvo i yevropeiska viiskova taktyka XVI st. (Dokolynska bytva 1577 r.) [Ukrainian Cossacks and European military tactics of the XVI century. (Battle of Dokolyna in 1577)], in: «Pytannia istorii Ukrainy. Zbirnyk naukovykh statei», Chernivtsi, 1998, T. 2, s. 19-28.
B. Florya, Rossiya i pohodyi zaporozhtsev. v Moldaviyu v 70-h godah XVI v. [Russia and the campaigns of the Cossacks. to Moldova in the 70s of the XVI century], in: «Karpato-Dunayskie zemli v srednie veka», Kishinev, 1975, s. 214-228.
D. C. Giurescu, Ion-Vodă cel Viteaz [Ion-Voda the Brave], București, Stiintifica, 1966, 229 s.
O. Gvanyini, Hronika Evropeyskoyi Sarmatiyi [The Chronicle of the European Sarmatia], Kiyiv, Kievo-Mogilyanska Akademiya, 2009, 1006 s.
V. Holobutskyi, Zaporozke kozatstvo [Zaporozhian Cossacks], Kyiv, Vyshcha shkola, 1994, 539 s.
V. Horobets, T. Chukhlib, Neznaioma Klio. Taiemnytsi, kazusy i kuriozy ukrainskoi istorii. Kozatska doba [Stranger Clio. Secrets, incidents and curiosities of Ukrainian history. Cossack era], Kyiv, Naukova dumka, 2004, 310 s.
E. Hurmuzaki, Documente privitore la Istoria Romanilor [Documents regarding the History of the Romanians], Bucharest, 1880, Vol. 3, p. 1, 600 p.
Istoricheskie svyazi narodov SSSR i Rumyinii v XV – nachale XVIII v.: Dokumentyi i materialyi [Historical ties of the peoples of the USSR and Romania in the XV – early XVIII centuries: Documents and materials], Moskva, Nauka, 1965, T.3, 416 s.
Istoriia Lvova v dokumentakh i materialakh: zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv [History of Lviv in documents and materials: a collection of documents and materials], Kyiv, Naukova dumka, 1986, 417 s.
Istoriia ukrainskoho kozatstva: Narysy [History of the Ukrainian Cossacks: Essays], Kyiv, Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia, 2006, T. 1, 800 s.
J. Janicki, Akta historyczne do panowania Stefana Batorego króla Polskiego od 3 marca 1578 do 18 kwietnia 1579 r. [Historical records for the reign of Stephan Bathory, king of Poland from March 3, 1578 to April 18, 1579], Warszawa, [s.n.], 1881, 412 s.
O. Kovalevska, Stan rozrobky ikonohrafii okremykh predstavnykiv kozatstva XVI-XVIII st. v ukrainskii istoriohrafii XIX-XX st. [The state of development of iconography of individual representatives of the Cossacks in the XVI-XVIII centuries. in the Ukrainian historiography of the XIX-XX centuries], in: «Istoriohrafichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini. NAN Ukrainy. Instytut istorii Ukrainy», Kyiv, Instytut istorii Ukrainy, 2014, Vyp. 25, s. 368-391.
S. Lepiavko, Ukrainske kozatstvo u mizhnarodnykh vidnosynakh (1561-1591) [Ukrainian Cossacks in International Relations (1561-1591)], Chernihiv, Siverianska dumka, 1999, 212 s.
O. Masan, Bukovyna yak ob’ekt mizhnarodnih vidnosin z davnih chasiv do 1774 r. [Bukovyna as an object of international relations from ancient times to 1774], in: «Bukovyna v konteksti Evropeyskih mizhnarodnih vidnosin (z davnih chasiv do seredini XX st.)», Chernivtsi, Ruta, 2005, s. 9-168.
D. Milewski, From Świerczowski to Wallachian Expedition of Jan Zamoyski: Rise of the Cossack Factor in Polish-Ottoman Relations (1574-1600), in: «Cristea O., Pilat L. From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica. War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th – 16th Centuries)», Brill, 2020, Vol. 58, s. 2215-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004422445_011
A. Moysey, A. Moysey, Ukraintsyi v etnokulturnyih stereotipah moldavskih letopistsev, rumyinskih istorikov i pisateley: obraz Ivana Podkovy – kazatskogo predvoditelya i moldavskogo knyazya [Ukrainians in ethnocultural stereotypes of medieval Moldavian chroniclers, modern and contemporary Romanian historians and writers: Image of Ivan Pidkova as leader of Cossacks and Moldavian Prince], «Codrul Cosminului», Annul XX, № 1, s. 25-48.
Otryivki iz letopistsa ili hroniki ieromonaha Leontiya Bobolinskogo [Excerpts from the chronicler or chronicle of Hieromonk Leonty Bobolinsky], in: «Grabyanka G. Letopis», Kiev, 1853, 374 s.
V. Shcherbak, Moldavski pokhody ukrainskykh kozakiv v 70-kh rr. XVI st. [Moldavian campaigns of Ukrainian Cossacks in the 1570s], in: «Rusyn», 2019, № 55, s. 44-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17223/18572685/55/4
Ya. Smirnov, Opisanie odnogo polskogo sbornika portretov XVII veka [Description of one Polish collection of portraits of the XVII century], in: «Trudy XIII arheologicheskogo sezda v Ekaterinoslave», Moskva, Tovarischestvo tipografiy A.I. Mamontova, 1908, T.2, s. 387-512.
A. Stadnicki, Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z Archiwum tak zwanego Bernardyńskiego we Lwowie [Town and land files from the times of the Commonwealth of Poland from the so-called Bernardine Archives in Lviv], Lwow, kniegarnia Seyfartha, 1884, Vol. X, 542 s.
B. Sushynskyi, Ivan Pidkova – hetman ukrainskoho kozatstva, Velykyi kniaz (hospodar) Moldovy [Ivan Pidkova – Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, Grand Duke (hospodar) of Moldova], in: «Kozatski vozhdi Ukrainy. Istoriia Ukrainy v obrazakh yii vozhdiv ta polkovodtsiv XV-XIX st. Istorychni ese u 2 t.», Odesa, 2004, T. 1, s. 94-97.
L. Tsyhanenko, Ukrainsko-moldovski zviazky v XV-XVII st.: viiskovo-politychnyi kontekst [Ukrainian-Moldovan relations in the 16th - 17th centuries: military-political context], in: «Naukovyi visnyk Izmailskoho derzhavnoho humanitarnoho universytetu», 2017, Vyp. 37, s. 37-44.
G. Ureche, Letopiseţul Ţǎrii Moldovei (…) dela Dragoş-vodǎ pîna la Aron-vodǎ [The Chronicle of Moldavia ... From Prince Dragos to Prince Aron], in: «Ureche G., Costin M, Neculce I. Letopiseţul Ţǎrii Moldovei: Cronici, edited by T. Celac», Chişinǎu, Hyperion, 1990, p. 23-118.