The Bukovynian lipovans: Emergence on the territory of the region and the meaning of the ethnonym in the oral tradition
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this article, the author analyzes the content of oral evidence available among the Bukovynian Lipovans about the time and circumstances of the resettlement of their ancestors to the territory of the region, as well as the etymology of the ethno-confession name «Lipovans». As the researchers note, among modern Old Believers there are still oral stories that record the process of settling in the possessions of the Habsburgs. Usually, representatives of the older generation act as carriers of the oral tradition, who, in turn, heard stories from their parents. They pass on information to the next generation. Almost all Lipovans, despite their age, demonstrate their awareness in this matter. Note that their level of awareness depends on their personal interest in their own past and on the amount of accumulated facts. Usually such legends exist in the form of a tribal tradition.
In the folk environment, several variants of legends about the appearance of the ethnonym «Lipovans» have developed. They are based on: a) characteristics of the terrain; b) the names of the original settlements; c) the names of the leaders. The most popular opinion is that the first settlers settled in linden forests, that is, the term «lipovan» comes from the name of the linden tree.
Bukovynian Lipovans called themselves that, not seeing anything sane in it. As the informants themselves explained, this was done so that the Russians would not find out about them. Researchers consider this explanation logical, given the previous persecution after the reform of Patriarch Nikon.
In everyday life, a certain distinction was formed in the use of terms, each of which occupied its own sphere: in everyday use and in publications on everyday topics – «Lipovans»; in publications that cover the life of the community – «Russian-Lipovanі»; in church life – «Old Believers». Such a division of spheres of application also determines the further coexistence of the ethnonym «Lipovans» and the accompanying designations of the Bukovynian Old Believers diaspora.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
N. Abakumova-Zabunova N. O nazvanii i samonazvanii russkih staroobryadcev Moldovy [About the name and self-name of the Russian Old Believers of Moldova], in Revista de etnologie şi culturologie, 2013, Vol. ХIII–XIV, s. 86-95.
B. Bodnaryuk, M. Chuchko. Staroobryadcheskoe naselenie Bukoviny v opisanii avstrijskogo naturalista konca XVІІІ v. Baltazara Gake [The Old Believer population of Bukovyna in the description of the Austrian naturalist of the end of the 18th century Balthazar Gaquet], in Lipovane. Istoriya i kul’tura russkih rossiyan-staroobryadcev, Vyp. 5. Odessa, 2008, s. 19-30.
I. Chekhovskyi. Staroobriadtsi Bukovyny: problemy adaptatsii y zberezhennia etnorelihiinoi identychnosti v suchasnomu suspilstvi [Old Believers of Bukovyna: problems of adaptation and preservation of ethno-religious identity in modern society], in Naukovyi visnyk Chernivetskoho universytetu. Filosofiia. Vyp. 203-204, Chernivtsi, 2004, s. 158-165.
I. Chekhovskyi. Transformatsiia starozhytnoi tradytsii v suchasnomu staroobriadnytskomu seredovyshchi Chernivtsiv [Transformation of ancient tradition in the modern Old Believer environment of Chernivtsi], in Etnos. Kultura. Dukhovnist. Materialy mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Innovatsiini modeli rozvytku turystychnoi infrastruktury Ukrainy. Bukovynske ta svitove staroobriadnytstvo: istoriia, kultura, turyzm», Chernivtsi, 23-24 veresnia 2006 r., Ch. 2, Chernivtsi, s. 282-293.
D. Dan. Die Lippowaner [The Lippovans], in Die Ősterreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild. Bukowina, Wien: Verlag Eduard Beiyer, o.J, 1899, s. 282-295.
Die Bukowina. Eine Allgemeine Heimatkunde = Bukovyna. Zahalne kraieznavstvo [Bukovyna. General local lore]. Chernivtsi, Zelena Bukovyna, 2004, 488 s.
A. Gostiyk, M. Chuchko. Obstoyatel’stva poyavleniya i dinamika chislennosti staroobryadcev-lipovan na Bukovine v konce XVІІІ – nachale XX [Circumstances of appearance and population dynamics of Lipovan Old Believers in Bukovyna in the late 18th – early 20th centuries]. in Lipovane. Istoriya i kul’tura russkih rossiyan-staroobryadcev, Vyp. 1. Odessa, 2004, s. 33-40.
D. Hrenchuk. Soobshchestvo russkih lipovan v Bukovine. Razmyshleniya [Community of Russian Lipovans in Bukovyna. Reflections] in Lipovane. Istoriya i kul’tura russkih rossiyan-staroobryadcev, Vyp. 3. Odessa, 2006, s. 141-148.
F. Kirile. O genezise etnonima «russkie lipovane» [On the genesis of the Ethnonym «Russian Lipovans»], in Staroobryadchestvo. Istoriya, kul’tura, sovremennost’. Materialy, Т. ІІ, Мoskva, 2007, s. 104-117.
A. Krasovski. Nauchnyj perepoloh vokrug etnonima «lipovane» i ego narodnaya etimologiya [Scientific commotion around the ethnonym «Lipovans» and its folk etymology], in Golosa Sibiri. Literaturno-hudozhestvennyj al’manah, Vyp. 6, Kemerovo, Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2007, s. 1132-1137.
G. Kupchanko. Poselenie russkih staroobryadcev v Bukovine [Settlement of Russian Old Believers in Bukovyna] in Istoricheskij vestnik, Istoriko-literaturnyj zhurnal, 1898, № 7. Iyul’, s. 182-192.
V. Lipinskaya. Etnonimy i konfessionimy russkogo naseleniya v Rumynii [Ethnonyms and Confessionims of the Russian population in Romania], in Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie, 1998, № 5, s. 44-55.
V. Lipinskaya. Nazvaniya selenij v Rumynii [Names of villages in Romania], URL:: http://samstar-biblio.ucoz.ru/publ/189-1-0-249
P. Ir. Lipovany [Lipovans]. in Enciklopedicheskij slovar’. Izd. F. A. Brokgauza-I. A. Efrona, T. XVII, Sankt-Peterburg., 1896, stb. 722; Lipovany [Lipovans], in Enciklopedicheskij slovar’ Granat, Т. 27: Lemury-Majkov, Мoskva, Izd. tov. А. Granat & К°, 1913, stb. 178.
M. Saiko. Vozniknovenie staroobryadcheskih poselenij na Bukovine [The emergence of Old Believer settlements in Bukovyna] in Staroobryadchestvo: istoriya, tradicii, sovremennost’, Мoskva, Izdatel’skij otdel Muzeya istorii i kul’tury staroobryadchestva, 1994, s. 31-50.
E. Smilyanskaya, N. Denisov, Staroobryadchestvo Bessarabii: knizhnost’ i pevcheskaya kul’tura [Old Believers of Bessarabia: bookishness and singing culture], Мoskva, Indrik, 2007, 432 s.
A. Stadnickij. Sostoyanie raskola i sektantstva v Bessarabii (iz otchetov missionerov za 1887 g.) [The state of schism and sectarianism in Bessarabia (from the reports of the missionaries for 1887)]. in Kishinevskie eparhial’nye vedomosti, 1888, № 8, 15 aprelya, s. 322.
N. Subbotin, Istoriya belokrinickoj ierarhii [History of the Belokrinitskaya hierarchy], Т. 1, Мoskva, 1874, 516 s.
I. Vorotniak. Istoriya i kul’tura bukovinskih lipovan v nauchnom nasledii Grigoriya Kupchanka [History and culture of the Bukovynian Lipovans in the scientific heritage of Hryhoriy Kupchanko] in Lipovane. Istoriya i kul’tura russkih rossiyan-staroobryadcev, Vyp. 5. Odessa, 2008, s. 71-74.